Samenvatting
Human-wildlife interactions (HWI) span a continuum from mutualistic to highly antagonistic, shaping both wildlife
population dynamics and human livelihoods across urban, agricultural, and wilderness landscapes. This study
characterises the ecological structure and consequences of HWI across four interaction categories -- wildlife crop-raiding,
large carnivore livestock depredation, wildlife-borne zoonotic disease transmission, and urban wildlife habituation -- using
field data from 24 study sites in Finland, Italy, and France spanning 2020-2023 (n = 6,847 interaction events, 18 focal
wildlife species). Generalised linear mixed models revealed that crop-raiding frequency by wild boar (Sus scrofa)
increased with forest-crop edge density (beta = 0.48 +- 0.09, z = 5.33, p < 0.001) and was negatively related to hunting
pressure index (beta = -0.31 +- 0.08, z = -3.88, p < 0.001). Carnivore livestock depredation events (wolf Canis lupus, lynx
Lynx lynx) were best predicted by livestock enclosure quality score (beta = -0.62 +- 0.11) and wild prey biomass index
(beta = -0.44 +- 0.10), with depredation rates 4.8-fold higher at farms with inadequate enclosures relative to those with
predator-proof infrastructure. Zoonotic pathogen prevalence (Echinococcus multilocularis, Borrelia burgdorferi) in wildlife
reservoir hosts was positively correlated with human population density at peri-urban sites (r = 0.71, p < 0.001). Urban
wildlife habituation indices for red fox and raccoon dog were 2.4-fold higher at sites with supplementary feeding by
residents compared to non-feeding sites. These findings provide an evidence-based framework for HWI management
prioritisation under the EU Biodiversity Strategy 2030 and national coexistence policy frameworks.